Vanishing Vernacular

Vanishing Vernacular: The Disappearing Art of Traditional Building

Introduction

Vernacular architecture, often described as the "architectural language of the people," is a rich and varied expression of local customs, materials, and environmental adaptations [1-3]. Paul Oliver, author of The Encyclopaedia of Vernacular Architecture of The World, notes that vernacular buildings represent a diverse collection of "ethnic, regional, and local 'dialects'" [1, 2]. These structures are not just buildings; they are a tangible record of human history, culture, and ingenuity. However, these time-honored practices face unprecedented threats from the rapid spread of modern construction methods, which favor materials like steel, concrete, and glass [1, 2]. This shift has led to a “loss of identity and cultural vibrancy,” a phenomenon the Architectural Review describes as a "global pandemic of generic buildings" [1, 2]. This post aims to explore the essence of vernacular architecture, examine the reasons behind its decline, and emphasize the importance of its preservation for a sustainable and culturally rich future.

Defining Vernacular Architecture

The term "vernacular" is rooted in the idea of a local language, contrasting with the formal language of the dominant culture [4]. Vernacular architecture can be understood as building that is rooted in a specific place and the traditions of a particular community [4, 5]. It is often contrasted with “architecture” which is seen as the preserve of professionals and as a high art form [4]. The construction methods are usually passed down through generations and are adapted to local environmental conditions and available resources [1-3]. Vernacular buildings are, therefore, a reflection of a community’s unique cultural identity [4, 5].

Key Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture

• Local Materials: Vernacular buildings are constructed using locally sourced materials such as stone, earth, timber, and plant-based materials [1-3, 6]. This approach minimizes transportation costs and environmental impact, while also helping to ensure that the building is well suited to its location [1, 2, 7]. For example, traditional dry stone walls make use of locally available stone, and these materials can often be reused or recycled [8, 9].

• Climate Adaptation: Vernacular designs are often highly attuned to the local climate [1-3]. In hot climates, buildings may feature thick walls and small windows to keep interiors cool, whereas buildings in colder climates may be constructed to maximize heat retention [1, 2, 7]. The use of passive design techniques like natural ventilation and solar shading is also a key feature of vernacular architecture [4, 6].

• Cultural Significance: Vernacular buildings often embody the cultural practices, values, and beliefs of the people who build and use them [4, 6]. A good example of this are traditional Japanese Machiya townhouses, which use local materials and techniques [10]. Additionally, traditional nomadic dwellings are adapted to the environment in terms of materials and form, and are often portable and lightweight [11].

• Sustainability: Vernacular methods are often inherently sustainable, emphasizing resource efficiency, recyclability, reusability, and renewability [1, 2, 6]. For example, the use of earth as a building material reduces the reliance on processed and manufactured alternatives, minimizing the embodied energy of the construction [6, 7]. There is also a renewed interest in earthships, which are autonomous homes built from natural and recycled materials that are designed to have minimal environmental impact [6, 9].

The Decline of Vernacular Architecture

Despite its many advantages, vernacular architecture is in decline due to several factors:

• Modernization: The spread of modern building technology, which is characterized by steel, concrete, and glass, has led to a preference for standardized construction methods [1, 2]. These modern materials are often associated with progress and development, leading to a neglect of traditional building practices [1, 2, 7].

• Economic Pressures: Modern building methods are sometimes perceived as being more efficient and cost-effective, which can lead to a decline in the use of local materials and traditional techniques [1, 2]. There is often a lack of investment in training new craftspeople and preserving traditional skills [12].

• Lack of Awareness: There is a lack of understanding and appreciation for the cultural and environmental value of vernacular architecture [1, 2, 7]. Many people associate vernacular techniques, such as adobe or peat moss, with underdevelopment [1, 2]. This can result in a loss of cultural identity and a homogenization of the built environment.

• Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world has led to the rapid dissemination of architectural styles across the globe [1, 2]. The result is the loss of local and regional architectural diversity.

The Importance of Preserving Vernacular Architecture

Preserving vernacular architecture is essential for several reasons:

• Cultural Heritage: Vernacular buildings represent a unique cultural legacy, and they reflect the history and traditions of specific communities [4-6]. The loss of these buildings means the loss of valuable cultural knowledge, identity, and a connection to our past [1, 2, 7].

• Sustainable Practices: Vernacular techniques are often inherently sustainable, emphasizing the use of local materials, passive design strategies, and resource efficiency [1, 2, 6]. These practices offer valuable insights for creating more environmentally responsible contemporary buildings [1, 2, 6]. The Spon’s price books include information about the Aggregates Levy and Landfill Tax which help to illustrate the environmental impact of modern construction methods [13-15].

• Resilience: Vernacular buildings are often better adapted to local climatic conditions, making them more resilient to environmental changes [1, 2, 6]. They also use locally sourced materials, which makes them more resilient to supply chain disruptions [1, 2, 6]. For example, dry stone walls can withstand extreme weather conditions and they are also easily repaired [8, 14].

• Social Cohesion: Vernacular building techniques often involve community participation and collaboration, which can strengthen social bonds and preserve local knowledge [1, 2, 6]. The use of traditional methods may also enhance social self-sufficiency, and promote family and community gatherings [6].

Heruteu’s Role in Preserving Vernacular Architecture

As a company committed to traditional building methods, Heruteu is dedicated to preserving and promoting vernacular architecture [8, 15, 16]. Through its work, Heruteu aims to:

• Document and Research: We conduct research into traditional building techniques, documenting the methods, materials, and cultural contexts of vernacular buildings [15, 17]. This data is used to inform the work that we do, as well as providing a valuable resource for others. This might include historical research, such as an analysis of Vitruvius’ “Ten Books on Architecture” and John Ruskin’s “Seven Lamps of Architecture,” which offer insights into classical architecture and architectural principles [15, 18-23].

• Training and Education: We offer training and apprenticeship opportunities, passing traditional skills to the next generation of craftspeople [12]. We also offer workshops and educational resources to promote a greater understanding of vernacular architecture.

• Sustainable Construction: We use traditional techniques and local materials in our projects, promoting sustainable building practices that reduce environmental impact [6, 15, 17]. The use of local materials can reduce costs, and by using the largest and “ugliest” stones in the foundations we can maximise resources [13, 14, 24].

• Ethical Considerations: We are committed to promoting ethical and culturally sensitive building practices [15, 17]. We recognize that construction has a social and environmental impact, and we work to ensure that the work we do is as sustainable and culturally responsible as possible. The use of local materials enhances wellbeing and strengthens the connection between the built environment and the natural world [6, 9].

• Innovation and Technology: We also embrace the possibilities offered by modern technology such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) [5, 8, 25]. BIM can help to create accurate 3D models and visualizations, enhance project management, and reduce waste [5, 8, 25]. We will also continue to explore opportunities for R&D tax relief, which supports innovation and development of new techniques [13, 14].

Conclusion

The disappearance of vernacular architecture signifies the loss of a rich architectural and cultural heritage [1, 2, 7]. These traditions are not just relics of the past, but a valuable resource for a more sustainable, resilient, and culturally vibrant future. By recognising the value of this heritage, and working to preserve it, we can build a future that is both innovative and respectful of our past [12].

Citations

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